RESUMEN: La hojarasca tiene valores fundamentales de carbono acumulado en su biomasa, con una participación esencial en todo el sistema forestal, tanto, para la captura de carbono como para los beneficios al ciclo biogeoquímico en el suministro de la demanda nutricional del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características de la hojarasca de clones de eucalipto en relación con el aporte de biomasa, carbono y nutrientes en cada una de sus fracciones formadoras en un sistema de producción integrado a los 10 años de edad. Se evaluó la producción acumulada de hojarasca de dos híbridos, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis (AAC 645) y E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis (AAC 33). La colecta se realizó en áreas de 1 m 2 para cada clon y se evaluó la biomasa de hojarasca acumulada, el contenido de carbono, el contenido de nutrientes y el stock de cada componente de la hojarasca. El clon AAC 645 tuvo la biomasa de hojarasca y el stock de carbono más altos. La fracción de ramas en ambos clones mostró mayores promedios de biomasa y carbono acumulado, así como soporte nutricional. El clon AAC 645 presentó mayor contenido de nutrientes totales, excepto Ca, Mg y S.

ABSTRACT: Litter has fundamental carbon values accumulated in its biomass, with an essential participation in the whole forest system for both carbón sequestration and for the benefits to the biogeochemical cycle in supplying the soil's nutritional demand. This study aimed to evaluate the litter characteristics of eucalyptus clones regarding the contribution of biomass, carbon, and nutrients in each of its forming fractions in an integrated production system at 10 years of age. The accumulated litterfall production of two hybrids, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis (AAC 645) and E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis (AAC 33), was evaluated. The collection was carried out in 1 m2 plots for each clone, and the accumulated litter biomass, carbon content, nutrient content, and stock of each litter component were evaluated. Clone AAC 645 had the highest litter biomass and carbon stock. The branch fraction in both clones showed higher biomass accumulated carbon averages, and nutritional support. Clone AAC 645 had higher total nutrient content, except for Ca, Mg, and S.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se estimar o desempenho fisiológico e produtivo de genótipos de batata em dois ambientes de cultivo em sistema orgânico. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios, sendo um em condições de ambiente protegido e outro em campo aberto. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos referentes aos genótipos ‘Agata’, ‘Atlantic’, ‘BRS Ana’, ‘BRSIPR Bel’ e ‘BRS Clara’. Avaliaram-se atributos fisiológicos, produtivos e defeitos associados aos tubérculos. O ambiente protegido é o mais adequado para a produção de batata orgânica nas condições avaliadas. Os genótipos ‘BRSIPR Bel’ e ‘BRS Ana’ possuem alto potencial produtivo em condições de sistema orgânico.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to estimate the physiological and productive performance of potato genotypes in two organic cultivation systems. Two trials were conducted, being one in a protected and on in an open-field environment. A randomized complete block design with four replicates and five treatments (genotypes ‘Agata’, ‘Atlantic’, ‘BRS Ana’, ‘BRSIPR Bel’ and ‘BRS Clara’) was used. Physiological, productive characteristics and defects associated with tubers were obtained. The protected environment is the most appropriate to produce organic potatoes under the evaluated conditions. Genotypes ‘BRSIPR Bel’ and ‘BRS Ana’ exhibit a high productive potential in organic conditions.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou a qualidade da silagem de duas cultivares de cana-de-energia (Saccharumspontaneum) produzidas com diferentes aditivos. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 × 5 de tratamentos composto por duas cultivares (VG3, VG1126) e quatro aditivos (1% uréia; 1% NaOH; 1% CaO; e 1,0 × 1011 UFC g -1 de Lactobacillus plantarum- LP) + controle, com oito repetições. Foram utilizados minisilos experimentais, os quais foram abertos 72 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e degradabilidade da silagem foram avaliados. Identificou-se efeito de interação significativo entre cultivar e tipo de aditivo para MS, PB, EE, FDN. ADF. As porcentagens de matéria orgânica e mineral foram semelhantes entre as duas cultivares. LP foi o aditivo menos benéfico para a degradação da MS. Após 72 h de fermentação, a degradação in vitro da FDN da cultivar VG3 aumentou devido à uréia, NaOH e CaO, enquanto a degradação da cultivar VG1126 diminuiu quando inoculada com LP ou CaO. O NaOH e o CaO melhoraram a degradabilidade da silagem, melhorando assim sua qualidade. O uso da LP no presente estudo não beneficiou a silagem para cultivares de cana-de-energia. O uso de NaOH e CaO melhora a qualidade da silagem, duas variedades de energia da cana-de-açúcar VG3 e VG1126, possibilitando seu uso com melhor eficiência para ração animal

ABSTRACT This study examined the quality of silage from two cultivars of energy cane (Saccharum spontaneum) produced with different additives. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two cultivars (VG3, VG1126) and four additives (1% urea; 1% NaOH; 1% CaO; and 1.0 × 1011 CFU g-1 of Lactobacillus plantarum- LP) + control, with eight replicates. Experimental mini-silos were used, which were opened 72 days after ensiling. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents, and silage degradability were. We identified significant interactions effect between cultivar and type of additive for DM, CP, EE, NDF. ADF. Organic and mineral matter percentage were similar between the two cultivars. LP was the least beneficial additive for DM degradation.After 72 h of fermentation, in vitro NDF degradation of cultivar VG3 increased due to urea, NaOH, and CaO, whereas degradation cultivar VG1126 decreased when inoculated with LP or CaO. The NaOH and CaO improved silage degradability thus improving its quality. The use of LP in the present study did not benefit silage for energy-cane cultivars. The use of NaOH and CaO improves the quality of the silage, two varieties of sugarcane energy VG3 and VG1126, enabling its use with better efficiency for animal feed.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos de caprinos submetidos ou não a castração e recebendo ou não suplementação com vitamina E. Um total de 24 caprinos, machos não castrados (12 unidades experimentais) e machos castrados (12 unidades experimentais), com peso corporal médio de 17,6 kg ± 2,67 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo duas condições animais (macho castrado e não castrado) e suplementação com vitamina E (com e sem suplementação), com seis repetições. Houve efeito dos tratamentos (P<0,05) ao longo do tempo para todas as variáveis estudadas. Houve efeito da suplementação vitamínica (P<0,05) para fósforo, ferro, proteína, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALP) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). A suplementação vitamínica elevou os níveis de glicose, creatinina e GTT ao longo do tempo, e reduziu os níveis de fósforo, ferro, proteína, albumina, AST e ALP. Concluímos que a vitamina E influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos estudados, porém a castração não alterou o perfil bioquímico de caprinos, independentemente de estarem suplementados ou não com a vitamina E.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical parameters of goats submitted to castration or not and receiving supplementation with vitamin E or not. A total of 24 goats, uncastrated (12 experimental units) and castrated males (12 experimental units), with average body weight weighing 17.6 kg ± 2.67 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two animal conditions (castrated and uncastrated male) and vitamin E supplementation (with and without supplementation), with six replications. There was an effect of treatments (P<0.05) over time for all studied variables. There was an effect of vitamin supplementation (P<0.05) for phosphorus, iron, protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Vitamin supplementation increased glucose, creatinine and GTT levels over time, and reduced levels of phosphorus, iron, protein, albumin, AST and ALP. We conclude that vitamin E influenced the biochemical parameters studied, but castration did not change the biochemical profile of goats, regardless of whether they were supplemented with vitamin E or not.

Abstract Until recently, no native mushroom was considered food in the Cerrado biome, while there are records of the occurrence of about 638 species of fungi so far, many of which have numerous undefined potentials, with the potential for food among them. Our work presents the nutritional aspects of two mushroom species found in an agroforestry system in the Cerrado (Auricularia nigricans and Schizophyllum commune), and a morphological identification key for the edible mushroom species highlighted in this study. The nutritional composition analysis revealed a moisture content of 65 and 41%, proteins of 7 and 10%, ether extract (fat) of 1.3 and 1.5% and fiber of 2 and 2.2% for A. nigricans and S. common, respectively. In this work we highlight the nutritional potential of two species of edible mushrooms, A. nigricans and S. commune. These mushrooms show similar nutritional characteristics to those of commercially produced exotic mushrooms, being rich in proteins and minerals. These data, added to other reports of this nature recently presented, reinforce the importance of knowledge of local biodiversity and native mushrooms as a food source.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, Anodontites trapesialis is a mussel species that occurs spontaneously in fish breeding sites. This species feeds on the remains of cultural treatments of other aquaculture species. The objective of the work is to understand the bromatological composition of mussel A. trapesialis. Individuals were selected to compose three samples of 500 g each of A. trapesialis for chemical composition, with viscera and viscera + shells being evaluated. The species presented 40.42 to 62.76 g of viscera per individual with a moisture content of 5.16% for viscera + shells and 86.5% for viscera. The mussel contains 42.6 and 12.96% crude protein, 3.16 and 1.76 of ether extract, 0.76 and 2.5% of crude fiber for viscera and viscera + shells. The total digestible nutrients were 74.16 and 36.96% for viscera and viscera + shells and 18.43 and 52.83% of mineral material for viscera and viscera + shells. A. trapesialis has relevant characteristics in its chemical composition as high protein content that gives the species potential for the human, animal, and other byproducts production.

Abstract The Amazon region has shown commercial potential for native mushroom species, such as mushrooms produced by the Yanomami people, who already sell more than 10 Amazon species. Among the species collected and consumed by the Yanomami people is Favolus brasiliensis (Fr.) Fr. (Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae), which occurs naturally in tropical areas of Central and South America. Thus, the objective of this work is to carry out the bromatological characterization of F. brasiliensis, contributing to a better understanding of the nutritional and food potential, as well as registering the natural occurrence of the species in the Cerrado biome and in the state of Goiás. The F. brasiliensis mushrooms collected in the present study showed an average of 7.4% humidity, 27% crude protein, 1.5% ether extract, 17% crude fiber, and 1.7% mineral matter. Compared with other species of edible mushrooms, both wild and cultivated, the moisture content of F. brasiliensis (93.60%) is low for species of the genus Pleurotus. For example, the humidity varies from 87% to more than 90%, similar to that found in Lentinus crinitus, another mushroom native to Brazil and also consumed by the Yanomami people. Thus, F. brasiliensis has the potential to be used in human foods.

Resumen Este trabajo constituye el primer análisis fitosociológico de las marismas del litoral angoleño. Se realizaron sesenta y cinco inventarios que dieron como resultado la descripción de seis nuevas asociaciones de plantas. Estas marismas salinas se caracterizan por una menor riqueza florística en comparación con las marismas salinas de Holarctic. Se identificaron dieciocho taxones, algunos de ellos suculentos. Las marismas se dan desde la desembocadura del río Cunene hasta el río Cuanza, aunque en este último tramo ya están muy empobrecidas. En el río Cuanza, las marismas ocupan solo una franja estrecha en el sector interior de los manglares en contacto con los ecosistemas continentales y, a menudo, están formadas por un solo taxón, Sarcocornia natalensis subsp. affinis. Los manglares alcanzan su límite Sur en la ciudad de Lobito, aunque allí están casi extintos. La ocurrencia y distribución de las marismas se ven afectadas por la Corriente Fría de Benguela, que influye en la costa occidental de África entre Cabo da Boa Esperança y Benguela. La altura de las plataformas de la marisma colonizada por plantas halófitas, subhalófitas o halotolerantes determina el período de inundación y, por tanto, la composición florística de las comunidades vegetales. La granulometría del suelo también juega un papel importante en la organización espacial de las comunidades vegetales. Una de las principales originalidades de las marismas angoleñas es el predominio de la textura del suelo de arena fina o franco-arenosa como consecuencia de la proximidad del desierto de Namibe. El ACP segregó las diferentes comunidades vegetales descritas.

Resumo Este trabalho constitui a primeira análise fitossociológica de sapais da costa angolana. Sessenta e cinco inventários foram realizados resultando na descrição de seis novas associações de plantas. Estes sapais são caracterizados por uma menor riqueza florística quando comparadas aos sapais holárticos. Dezoito táxons foram identificados, alguns deles suculentos. Os sapais ocorrem desde a foz do rio Cunene até ao rio Cuanza, embora nesta última parte já estejam muito empobrecidos. No rio Cuanza, os sapais ocupam apenas uma faixa estreita no setor interno dos mangais em contato com os ecossistemas continentais e geralmente são constituídos por um único táxon, Sarcocornia natalensis subsp. affinis. Os mangais atingem seu limite sul na cidade de Lobito, embora estejam quase extintos. A ocorrência e distribuição dos sapais são afetados pela Corrente Fria de Benguela, que influencia a costa oeste da África entre o Cabo da Boa Esperança e Benguela. A altura das plataformas do sapal colonizadas por plantas halófitas, subhalófitas ou halotolerantes determina o período de inundação e, portanto, a composição florística das comunidades vegetais. A granulometria do solo também desempenha um papel importante na organização espacial das comunidades de plantas. Uma das principais originalidades dos sapais angolanos é o predomínio de solos de textura arenosa fina ou franco-arenosa, em consequência da proximidade com o deserto do Namibe. A ACP segregou as diferentes comunidades de plantas descritas.

Résumé Ce travail constitue la première analyse phytosociologique des marais salants de la côte angolaise. Soixante-cinq relevées ont été réalisés aboutissant à la description de six nouvelles associations végétales. Ces marais salants se caractérisent par une richesse floristique plus faible que les marais salants holarctiques. Dix-huit taxons ont été identifiés, certains d’entre eux succulents. Les marais salants se trouvent dès l’embouchure de la rivière Cunene à la rivière Cuanza, bien que dans cette dernière partie ils soient déjà très appauvris. Dans la rivière Cuanza, les marais salants n’occupent qu’une bande étroite dans le secteur intérieur des mangroves en contact avec les écosystèmes continentaux et sont souvent constitués d’un seul taxon, Sarcocornia natalensis subsp. affinis. Les mangroves atteignent leur limite sud dans la ville de Lobito bien qu’elles y soient presque éteintes. La présence et la distribution des marais salants sont affectées par le courant froid de Benguela qui influence la côte ouest de l’Afrique entre le Cabo da Boa Esperança et Benguela. La hauteur des plates-formes du marais salé colonisées par des plantes halophytes, sous-halophytes ou halotolérantes détermine la période d’inondation et donc la composition floristique des communautés végétales. La granulométrie du sol joue également un rôle important dans l’organisation spatiale des communautés végétales. L’une des principales originalités des marais salants angolais est la prédominance de sols de texture sableuse ou sablo-limoneuse en raison de la proximité du désert de Namibe. L’ACP a séparé les différentes communautés végétales décrites.

Abstract This work constitutes the first phytosociological analysis of saltmarshes on the Angolan coast. Sixty-five relevés were carried out resulting in the description of six new plant associations. These saltmarshes are characterized by a lower floristic richness when compared to the Holarctic saltmarshes. Eighteen taxa were identified, some of them succulent. Saltmarshes occur from the mouth of the Cunene River to the Cuanza River, although in this last part they are already very impoverished. In the Cuanza river, saltmarshes occupy only a narrow strip in the inner sector of the mangroves in contact with continental ecosystems and are often made up of just one taxon, Sarcocornia natalensis subsp. affinis. Mangroves reach their southern limit in the city of Lobito, although they are almost extinct there. The occurrence and distribution of saltmarshes are affected by the Cold Benguela Current, that influences the west coast of Africa between Cabo da Boa Esperança and Benguela. The height of the saltmarsh’s platforms colonized by halophyte, sub-halophyte or halotolerant plants determines the flooding period and thus the plant community’s floristic composition. Soil granulometry also plays an important role in the spatial organization of plant communities. One of the main originalities of Angolan saltmarshes is the predominance of fine sandy or sandy-loam soil texture as a consequence of the proximity of the Namibe desert. The PCA segregated the different plant communities described.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de los sustratos comerciales y las fuentes orgánicas en la producción de plántulas de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.). El diseño fue completamente aleatorizado, en un esquema factorial de 2×3, con dos sustratos comerciales la producción de plántulas (Carolina®, Bioplant®) y tres fuentes orgánicas (control, vermicompost enriquecido con termofosfato yoorin y estiércol de aves de corral). Agregar estiércol de aves de corral a sustratos comerciales causa efectos negativos sobre la precocidad y la emergencia. Carolina® es un sustrato adecuado para producir plántulas de uchuva sin necesidad de suplementos con fuentes orgánicas. Bioplant® se comporta más como un acondicionador de emergencia, que requiere suplementos con fuentes orgánicas (preferiblemente vermicompost). Las plántulas adecuadas para el trasplante se pueden obtener a los 47 días después de la siembra.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the effect of commercial substrates and organic sources on the production of cape gooseberry seedlings (Physalis peruviana L.). The design was completely randomized with a 2×3 factorial scheme using two commercial substrates (Carolina®, Bioplant®) and three organic sources (control, vermicompost enriched with yoorin thermophosphate and poultry manure) for seedling production. Adding poultry manure to commercial substrates negatively affects precocity and emergence. Carolina® is a suitable substrate for cape gooseberry seedling production without supplements using organic sources. Bioplant® behaves more like an emergence conditioner, requiring supplementation with organic sources (preferably vermicompost). Seedlings that are suitable for transplant can be obtained at 47 days after sowing.

Abstract Much of the diversity of mushrooms is still unknown to science. In the search for new edible mushrooms, we began to look at the traditions of Amazonian forest peoples in order to learn about the potential for edible mushrooms among other species. In particular, the Yanomami people launched the encyclopedia of food (Sanoma) in 2016 to preserve their knowledge of their own food. They demonstrated how food production can be balanced with the forest and present dozens of mushrooms that are consumed by their communities. In view of the above information, the objective of this work is to present bromatological aspects of the Lentinus crinitus mushroom from an agroforestry homegarden in the Cerrado. The specimen was collected from an agroforestry homegarden with biome forest species and agronomic species, located in the Brazilian Cerrado, in the city of Goiânia, Goiás. L. crinitus mushrooms presented 61% humidity, containing 14% crude protein, 1.5% ether extract, 26% crude fiber, and 3.4% mineral matter. Its bromatological characteristics are similar to others of commercial fungi. There is great potential for the use of the Lentinus crinitus mushroom in agroforestry yards in the Brazilian Cerrado, reconciling environmental conservation with the diversification of the production of agroextractive products.

Resumo Córregos de baixa ordem localizados perto de áreas urbanas geralmente recebem águas residuais domésticas, industriais e agrícolas que afetam negativamente a qualidade da água do rio. Além disso, a poluição da água está associada à variações do uso da terra ao redor do rio, caracterizada pela urbanização não planejada, atividades agrícolas intensas e desmatamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi correlacionar o padrão de uso do solo com a qualidade físico-química e o potencial genotóxico da água em quatro pontos (P1 a P4) ao longo do rio Extrema, localizado em uma área industrial e agrícola do Brasil Central. Análises físico-químicas indicaram que a água coletada no rio Extrema é inadequada para consumo humano. Usando o modelo de Allium cepa, nenhuma evidência de citotoxicidade foi observada em nenhum momento; por outro lado, foi observado o potencial genotóxico dessas amostras de água. A correlação desses resultados com o uso do solo mostrou que a água coletada no P3 foi a mais contaminada; isso é provável devido ao influxo de águas residuais municipais e industriais e de águas residuais das atividades agrícolas. Resultados diferentes foram observados para P2 e P4, onde a análise do uso do solo atribuiu a qualidade da água às queimadas na floresta. Concluímos que diferentes usos do solo alteraram as características da água do rio e que os resultados obtidos pelo teste com A. cepa estavam mais relacionados às características do uso do solo do que aos parâmetros físico-químicos. Este estudo destaca a importância de associar o uso do solo ao potencial citogenotóxico da água.

Abstract Low-order streams located near urban areas usually receive domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters that negatively affect river water quality. Additionally, water pollution is associated with land-use variations around the river, which is characterized by unplanned urbanization, intense agricultural activities, and deforestation. This work correlated land-use patterns with physicochemical quality and genotoxic potential of water at four points (P1 to P4) along the Extrema River, located in an industrial and agricultural area of Central Brazil. Physicochemical analyses indicated that the water collected from the Extrema River is inappropriate for human consumption. Using the Allium cepa model, no evidence of cytotoxicity was observed at any point; in contrast, the genotoxic potential of these water samples was observed. The correlation of these results with land use showed that the water collected at P3 was the most contaminated; this is probably due to the inflow of wastewater from municipal, industrial, and agriculture activities. Different results were observed for P2 and P4, where land-use analysis attributed the water quality to forest burns. We concluded that differential use of the land changed the characteristics of the associated river water, and A. cepa parameters were more related to land-use characteristics than to physicochemical parameters. This study highlighted the importance of associating land use with the cyto genotoxic potential of water.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different calcium chloride concentrations on the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba variety Pingo de Mel at different storage temperatures. The fruit were collected 30 days after the anthesis and subjected to immersions in calcium chloride solution at different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, the fruit were dried and packed in polypropylene bags and incubated in a chamber at different temperatures (6 °C, 12 °C, and 25 °C). Samples were analyzed at time 0 and every two days, up to 12 days of storage. No effect of different calcium chloride concentrations was observed in the fruit characteristics at different storage temperatures over time. During storage, an increase of soluble and total pectin contents, antioxidant activity, CO2, total sugars, acidity, and weight loss was observed. Higher storage temperatures affected both the increase in weight loss, pH, and O2 production and the reduction of vitamin C content. Refrigeration was important for the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba variety Pingo de Mel , once the fruit stored at 6 °C suffered minor variations with improvements or little changes during the 12 days.

RESUMO O tomate é amplamente cultivado em todo o mundo e requer polinização por abelhas nativas ou manejadas para realizar o pleno potencial de produção dos frutos. Para investigar a riqueza e abundância de espécies de abelhas nativas em plantações de tomate do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, dois métodos de amostragem (armadilhas pan-trap e amostragem ativa) foram utilizados em nove propriedades de junho a setembro de 2011. Um total de 465 indivíduos de 44 espécies foi coletado. A composição das espécies de abelhas amostradas diferiu dependendo do método utilizado. Vinte e duas espécies foram capturadas exclusivamente em armadilhas, 13 outras por meio de amostragem ativa e nove por ambos os métodos. A maioria das espécies de abelhas capturadas neste estudo pode ser considerada polinizadores eficazes do tomate, porque elas podem executar a polinização por vibração. Vibrando seus músculos torácicos, essas abelhas podem liberar o pólen das anteras para seus próprios corpos e para os estigmas da mesma flor, uma vez que eles estão dentro do cone de anteras da variedade do tomate estudado. Ambos os métodos amostraram espécies exclusivas de abelhas vibradoras. No entanto, as armadilhas capturaram abelhas vibradoras e não vibradoras indiscriminadamente e o método ativo amostrou principalmente a abelha vibradora. As coletas utilizando armadilhas e amostragens ativas foram complementares. O uso de apenas um método de amostragem não fornece um entendimento completo da riqueza de espécies de polinizadores de tomate no campo.

ABSTRACT The tomato is widely cultivated throughout the world and requires pollination by wild or managed bees to realize its full-potential fruit production. Two different sampling methods (pan trapping and active sampling) were employed in nine different properties from June to September of 2011 to investigate the richness and abundance of native bee species present in tomato crops of Center-West Brazil. A total of 465 individuals of 44 species were collected, with the composition of sampled bee species differing between the methods used. Twenty-two species were exclusively captured in pan traps, 13 others through active sampling and nine by both methods. Most of the sampled bee species can be considered effective pollinators of the tomato because they can perform buzz-pollination. By vibration, these bees can liberate pollen from anthers into the air or onto their own bodies and the stigmas of the same flower because the stigmas of the studied tomato variety are within the anther cone. Both methods exclusively sampled some species of buzz-pollinating bees, however, pan-trapping captured buzzing and non-buzzing visitors indiscriminately while active sampling captured more buzzing bees. Pan-trapping and active sampling appear to complement each other, and so the use of only one or the other would not provide a full understanding of the species richness of tomato pollinators in the field.

RESUMEN El uso inapropiado de agroquímicos es perjudicial para las abejas que visitan los cultivos agrícolas, lo que reduce la producción por la afectación de la polinización y son pocos los estudios sobre este tema. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la incidencia de diferentes fungicidas sobre la visita de abejas en cultivos de tomate y sus efectos sobre la deposición de granos de polen en el estigma, número de semillas, masa y tamaño del fruto. Los experimentos consistieron en 10 tratamientos que fueron: (T1) tratamiento control sin agroquimicos; (T2 y T3) Bacillus subtilis en diferentes frecuencias de aplicación; (T4) hidróxido de cobre; (T5) B. subtilis e hidróxido de cobre; (T6) acibenzolar-S-metilo; (T7) trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol y B. subtilis; (T8) hidróxido de cobre + Mancozeb; (T9) propineb+(-trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol); (T10) (trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol)+ B. subtilis+hidróxido de cobre. Se determinó la presencia de la marca de polinización en la flor, la carga de polen en los estigmas, el número de semillas por fruto, y el tamaño y masa de los frutos en cada tratamiento. Posteriormente, se estimó la tasa de mortalidad de Melipona quadrifasciata expuesta a cuatro fungicidas (trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol, manganeso y zinc, hidróxido de cobre, Bacillus subtilis). La tasa de mortalidad de M. quadrifasciata en 24 horas de evaluación fue mayor en los tratamientos con hidróxido de cobre y trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol (75 y 50%, respectivamente). La tasa de mortalidad fue menor en los tratamientos con manganeso y zinc, Bacillus subtilis y el tratamiento de control. Los tratamientos con trifloxistrobina y tebuconazol redujeron la presencia de marcas de mordida y granos de polen en el estigma de las flores. Los frutos de los tratamientos control y con B. subtilis e hidróxido de cobre fueron más grandes y tuvieron mayor masa. Por lo tanto, un mayor número de aplicaciones de pesticidas en las plantas de tomate reducen las tasas de visitas de abejas en las flores y en consecuencia, la cantidad de granos de polen depositados en los estigmas afectando también la producción de los frutos.

ABSTRACT The use of agrochemicals is harmful to bees visiting agricultural crops, reducing production gains from pollination, but the effect of fungicides on these bees is not known. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of bee visitation influenced by different fungicides on the tomato crop and on the deposition of pollen grains on the stigma, number of seeds, mass and fruit size. The experiment was conducted with 10 treatments: (T1) control treatment, without application of agrochemicals; (T2 and T3) Bacillus subtilis in different application frequencies; (T4) copper hydroxide; (T5) B. subtilis and copper hydroxide; (T6) acibenzolar-S-methyl; (T7) (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole) and B. subtilis; (T8) copper hydroxide + Mancozeb; (T9) propineb+(trifloxys-trobin+tebuconazole); (T10) (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole)+B. subtilis + copper hydroxide. The presence of the pollination mark on the flower, the pollen load of the stigmas, the number of seeds per fruit, and the size and mass of the fruits were determined in each treatment. Subsequently, the mortality rate of Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera, Apidae) exposed to four fungicides (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole; manganese and zinc; copper hydroxide; Bacillus subtilis) was estimated. The mortality rate of M. quadrifasciata over 24 h of evaluation was higher in the treatments with copper hydroxide and trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole (75 and 50%, respectively). The mortality rate was lower in the treatments with manganese and zinc and Bacillus subtilis and in the control treatment. The treatments with trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole reduced the presence of bite marks on the flowers and of pollen grains on the flower stigma. The fruits of the control treatments and treatments with B. subtilis and copper hydroxide were larger and had greater mass, as compared to other agrochemicals. Thus, a higher number of pesticide applications on the tomatoes reduced bee visitation rates to the flowers and, consequently, reduced the amount of pollen grains deposited on the stigmas, also reducing the fruit production.

RESUMEN El cultivo de Crambe abyssinica, es explotado comercialmente en Brasil, así la importancia de desarrollar estudios que posibiliten el perfeccionamiento de las técnicas involucradas en su producción. La plantación sobre restos culturales de diferentes especies de cobertura puede aumentar el desarrollo vegetativo y productivo del crambe. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo del crambe cultivado sobre restos culturales de diferentes especies, en sucesión al cultivo de lechuga crespa. El delineamiento experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar. Los tratamientos correspondieron a restos culturales de plantas de cobertura, siendo estas: crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), frijol guandu (Cajanus cajan), frijol de porco (Canavalia ensiformis), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), además de un tratamiento control, con uso de vegetación espontánea. A los 49 días se evaluó altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas, contenido relativo de clorofila, número de ramas laterales, masa seca y fresca de la parte aérea. Las variables productivas se evaluaron a los 95 días después de la siembra, obteniendo la masa de granos por planta, el peso hectolitro de los granos. Posteriormente fue estimada la productividad de cada tratamiento y el ingreso bruto. Se verificó que mantener los restos culturales de plantas de cobertura beneficia el desarrollo vegetativo de la cultura de crambe y no altera la productividad de los granos. Esta técnica aumenta el beneficio económico del cultivo, siendo recomendada durante el barbecho, en detrimento del manejo de plantas espontáneas.

ABSTRACT Although the crambe is commercially exploited in Brazil, there is a demand for studies that allow the improvement of the techniques involved in its cultivation. Planting on residues of different species can provide greater vegetative and reproductive development. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and reproductive development of crambe cultivated on residue of different species, in succession to the cultivation of lettuce. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with six treatments containing the following cover crops residues: crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), porcine bean (Canavalia ensiformis), millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), besides a control treatment, with the use of spontaneous vegetation. At 49 days the vegetative development was evaluated by measuring plant height, stem diameter at the soil level, number of leaves, relative content of leaf chlorophyll, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry biomass of shoot. The productive variables were evaluated at 95 days after planting, obtaining the grain mass per plant, the hectoliter weight of the grains and estimating the productivity of each treatment, as well as its gross revenue. It was verified that the maintenance of residue of cover crops benefits the vegetative development of the crambe crop, without statistically altering grain yield. However, this technique results in an economic benefit, with the increase in gross revenue, being recommended during the fallow, to the detriment of the management of spontaneous plants.